The Discovery and Development of Nuclear Technology Essay -- Essays Pa

The Discovery and Development of Nuclear Technology Man has consistently been keen on how his general surroundings functions. He pondered about the structure of matter,of which his reality, just as our reality, is made up. Incalculable researchers have been considering that equivalent inquiry since the time the very beginning. In this paper you will find out about only a couple of the people that broke the ground for the atomic innovation of today. One of the primary individuals to do this was a Greek thinker named Anaxagoras in 500 years before Christ. He addressed what might occur on the off chance that he cut down the middle an example of issue, gold for his situation, and afterward a large portion of the parts and keep doing this. Anaxagoras’ hypothesis expressed that it is conceivable to proceed with the way toward dividing for interminability. An alternate Greek, Democritus, couldn't help contradicting Anaxagoras and said that there is a point that the gold can never again be sliced down the middle any littler. Democritus said that when this happens, all that is left are minuscule particles that were unchangeable and indestructible on the grounds that there is no force present known to man that was incredible enough to annihilate or change these particles. He named these minuscule particles, which are the structure squares of issue, iotas after the Greek word a-tomos which implies not cuttable. Democritus met with some understanding, yet after 300 years, from a Roman artist Lucretius who composed a six volume work of section entitled De Rerum Natura. In his work, which truly means The Nature of Things, Lucretius utilizes the case of creatures seeming to be like their posterity so as to clarify that the particle was unchangeable and indestructible. One individual who didn't concur with him was Aristotle, a man ... ...methods for particle crushing, and in 1932 Earnest Thomas Sinton Walton and John Douglas Cockcroft declared that they had made a counterfeit methods for quickening molecules to make conceivable the devastation of bigger iotas. Since it was conceivable to make this measure of vitality it could be utilized to control homes and decimate whole urban areas. Man attempted to find out about how his reality was organized and he succeeded. He found that the all issue is comprised of iotas. What's more, through long stretches of difficult work he had the option to bridle its vitality for the utilization of man. To Bibliography - Dietz, David. Nuclear Science: Bombs and Power. Collier Books, New York, 1962 - Feinberg, J.G. The Story of Atomic Theory and Atomic Energy. Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1960 - Graetzer, Hans. The Discovery of Nuclear Fission. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1971

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Paper Free Essays

An emerging issue in today’s world is the obliteration of the ozone layer in light of the outflows and hurtful gases that vehicles are radiating. Disregard ethanol or biodiesel. The following huge thing in car fuel might just be hydrogen. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Paper or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Automakers quickly are surrounding making hydrogen power device vehicles a regular unavoidable truth, with a few test models set to make a big appearance throughout the following barely any years. Hydrogen energy units to control vehicles are alluring, specialists state, since hydrogen is a sustainable fuel that can be utilized to make power to run vehicles. A substance response among oxygen and hydrogen creates the electric force, and when unadulterated hydrogen is utilized, the main outflow from the tailpipe is innocuous water fume. Numerous individuals are asking, â€Å"Why energy components? † The gas motor in an ordinary vehicle is under 20% proficient in changing over the compound vitality in fuel into power that moves the vehicle, under typical driving conditions. Hydrogen power device vehicles, which utilize electric engines, are substantially more vitality proficient and utilize 40-60 percent of film to the opposite side of the cell, the surge of adversely charged electrons follows an outside circuit to the cathode. You can peruse likewise Thin Film Solar Cell This progression of electrons is power that can be utilized to accomplish work, for example, power an engine. On the opposite side of the phone, oxygen gas, ordinarily drawn from the outside air, moves through channels to the cathode. At the point when the electrons come back from accomplishing work, they respond with oxygen and the hydrogen protons (which have traveled through the layer) at the cathode to shape water. This association is an exothermic response, creating heat that can be utilized outside the energy unit. The eventual fate of hydrogen power device vehicles relies upon propels in four territories: the hydrogen source, the dispersion framework, the on-board fuel tank and the on-board energy unit. Hydrogen must be produced using without carbon sustainable sources before energy component vehicles can make a gouge in the atmosphere issue. One thought is to make the hydrogen by parting water utilizing power from wind ranches, or sun based boards. When the hydrogen is made, it must be conveyed through extraordinary pipelines and big haulers to a broad system of hydrogen refueling stations, which presently can't seem to be made at this point. Once in the tank, power module vehicles must store enough hydrogen to go a few hundred kilometers between refueling stops. Fluid hydrogen requires protected tanks at - 253*C. so most organizations have decided to pack the hydrogen inside high-quality carbon fiber tanks. The reason for the energy component is to change over hydrogen to electric force. The test is to make it light, modest, strong and tough †yet amazing enough to run the motor, lights and cooling. Hydrogen energy units, while about twice as proficient as inside ignition motors utilizing gas, cost almost 100 fold the amount of per unit of intensity created, pundits note. Furthermore, hydrogen is unstable. It touches off at a more extensive scope of focuses than gaseous petrol and requires less vitality to light, Michael D. Amiridis, seat of the compound building office at the University of South Carolina, told the Web webpage and gas-electric half and half vehicles advocate hybridcars. com. â€Å"It’s alarming †you can't see the flame,† Amiridis said. In any case, automakers are pushing ahead. â€Å"What we can do from our side is to show that innovation is for the most part achievable, and we have numerous corporate activities in this area,† said BMW’s corporate interchanges administrator Andreas Klugescheid. It’s North America Engineering and Emission Test Center in California, for instance, has been trying two BMW Hydrogen 7 models that sudden spike in demand for both hydrogen and gas, utilizing a double fuel motor and two separate fuel tanks. With the press of a catch on its directing wheel, the Hydrogen 7 can run on either hydrogen or fuel. It can go 125 miles on its hydrogen mode and 300 on its gas mode, in this manner constraining the likelihood that its driver may be abandoned, given that there’s just a single hydrogen filling station in California, close Los Angeles. Alongside the hydrogen fuel cells’ high productivity (from 40-70%), the chance of using both warmth and power from them will make a huge commitment to decreasing climatic outflows. For instance, an energy unit working at 60% proficiency would emanate 35-60% less CO2 at the petroleum derivative stage and 80% less from hydrogen. Both GM and Honda are planning to sidestep worries about the need and cost of creating hydrogen filling stations by making home hydrogen refueling gadgets that would permit vehicles to be topped off for the time being in carports. A significant part of the push for hydrogen power device vehicles is planned for comforting people in general through show models and activities Energy wellsprings of things to come should be cleaner and more proficient than current sources †power modules satisfy these prerequisites. A few difficulties stay before we will see wide-spread commercialization, mostly in light of limitations with size, cost, unwavering quality and security, however an ecologically benevolent wellspring of intensity is unquestionably on its way. Step by step instructions to refer to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Paper, Essays

Role of the Military in Post-colonial Politics

Job of the Military in Post-frontier Politics How would you clarify the noticeable job of the military in political life in the post-pioneer Middle East? The job of the military in the political range in the Middle East is getting progressively huge continuously. Throughout the most recent couple of years, a few Middle Eastern nations have encountered administrative changes during which the military had an influence, most remarkably is Egypt. However this is certainly not a cutting edge pattern; all through the previous century, the military has taken a high situation in the general public of different Middle Eastern nations, especially since the fall of colonization. (Cronin, 2013) Through this paper one will endeavor to look at the explanations for the force that the military has been given by exploring these nations all through their colonization just as the quick time following the fall of colonization. It will likewise be essential to decide the job this has in advanced Middle Eastern governmental issues by examining how the military and lawmakers collaborate with one another. Through these points, one will have the option to cla rify why the military assumes such an unmistakable job in the post-frontier Middle East. While inspecting the Middle East, it is basic that we study the job of vote based system in states where the military has an unmistakable influence. Most of Middle Eastern nations are Islamic. (Khadduri, 1953) The job Islam plays in how society works in these nations is difficult to overlook and it in turns impacts the areas governmental issues. Everything in an Islamic popular government goes under the impact and ward of God. (Khadduri, 1953) This is a long way from majority rule yet the individuals who live in these districts acknowledge the framework on account of their ethical feelings. By tolerating and living with the framework they are living with God and tolerating his principles as spread out through the Islamic punitive codes. The Middle East experienced numerous issues in the mid twentieth century following the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and the colonization of numerous states in the area by European forces. Following the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire, nations in the locale continued a few qualities to their new replacement states, especially praetorianism and patrimonialism. (Cronin, 2013) The colonizing states were in this way compelled to acquaint changes with stem the extreme force from past systems. These changes were acquainted with right the maltreatment, constraining the military to build up an European model. (Cronin, 2013) The Army authorities were currently assimilated into European standards of patriotism, constitutionalism and communism, permitting them to turn into the most radicalized bunch in the public arena. (Khadduri, 1953) The military officials generally work upon their own ethics, and if the lawmakers fizzle, the military will oust them; successfully enabling all to the milita ry. (Khadduri, 1953) Monetarily, nations like Egypt endured under colonization and this prompted an expansion in Military force in the area. The flourishing Egyptian material industry was relinquished and the crude materials were transported to the United Kingdom where they were designed into completed items and afterward sent out back to the Middle Eastern Market for resale. (Khadduri, 1953) This made a requirement for work, which prompted expanded individuals from the lower classes joining the military (expelling individuals from the possibility of gainful work). Strategically, colonization had an essential influence in the make-up of the cutting edge Middle East. The formation of Jordan as an autonomous state in 1946 originated from the Palestinian War. (Sela, 1992) The British were constrained into the production of state in which the limits were drawn on a guide in London. This made an express that had restricting social gatherings and belief systems and no lion's share get together making political strain. (Sela, 1992) Similar activities happened all through the Middle East, as European forces endeavored to redraw state lines and move distinctive social and strict gatherings into new nations trying to remove future uprisings. (Sela, 1992) These recently established social orders depended vigorously on the job of the military with an end goal to keep up the harmony as various political pioneers traveled every which way. Following the breakdown of the British Empire and the autonomy picked up by previous French settlements, the Middle East turned into a profoundly shaky district. (Khadduri, 1953) As numerous nations all through the world were testing and presenting new political thoughts and stages, the Middle East was being limited by its strict philosophy. (Khadduri, 1953) The inability to increase a stage that engaged the majority during this time just as the weakness and profoundly preservationist nature of the Middle Eastern systems made the military the principle power in these Islamic states. (Khadduri, 1953)This force got from a disappointment with respect to the government officials, who never tended to the issues that got from a general public whom didn't acknowledge a vote based system. (Cronin, 2013) The control of government by the military was in this manner demonstrative both of genuine thrashings in the law based procedures in the Middle East and the energy with which the Middle Easte rn political pioneers tried to seek after a high political life. Our evaluation of the job the military has in Middle East legislative issues is to a great extent conformed to the historical backdrop of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s in the area. (Rubin, 2001) Throughout these decades military upsets were visit in the Arab world. The military during this time were exceptionally politicized, and the publically chosen rulers by and large neglected to control them. Additionally during this period, the military was viewed as the best national foundations and now and again, the main compelling one. (Rubin, 2001) Military officials during this period accepted that governmental issues was too essential to possibly be simply left to the legislators, whom they affirmed were awkward and degenerate people. (Rubin, 1987) The 1948 Palestinian destruction alongside the inability to pick up Arab solidarity was seen by military officials as compliance to Western states. (Sela, 1992) The disappointment by the legislators to modernize and build up the economies in the area was additionally among the reactions that inspired officials to look for power. The military upsets could likewise be deciphered because of the different ethnic, strict, social-class, and local gatherings that were spoken to in the military at that point, the individuals who were actually, to a great extent pardoned from the political and social elites. (Rubin, 1987) These upsets were hence social upheavals which happened with the help of the military. The present period of Middle Eastern legislative issues was molded by these military systems and the chosen rulers who figured out how to stem the danger. These authorities who endure the period of military overthrows were resolved to keep military officials from organizing any new upsets and had significant achievement in keeping their armed forces from interceding in legislative issues. (Rubin, 2001)The rulers additionally had the option to manufacture a steadfast military that could effectively keep up inward request. (De Atkine, 2000) However the cost of this unwaveringness harmed their capacity to work as genuine military during wars, as their a lot of their preparation was picked up while stemming revolts. (De Atkine, 2000) The inability to increase a political stage that was acknowledged by most of society constrained Middle Eastern nations to fall back on the preservationist authority found in the area before colonization. This regular force gets from a ruler through the pastorate and the military; the two most compelling fields in an advanced Middle Eastern state. (Rubin, 1987) Following the commencement of autonomy in the district, the administration looked to make sure about the eventual fate of the state through these two fields. Islam would turn into the point of convergence of law in the district while a huge armed force would merge autonomy. (Khadduri, 1953) The military got equal with giving its individuals decent instruction; these informed authorities turned into the most confided in citizenry and were publically supported to work inside the open help. (Khadduri, 1953) Subsequently it was accepted that the military would have the option to uphold an assembled society among the different networks inside the Middle Eastern States. (Kleber Naumann, 2013) The military would turn into the impetus in modernizing the general public. The military officials coincidentally got expected to set up; state-controlled economies, present an only dissemination of riches, and support another national obligation dependent on libertarianism and political interest. (Kleber Naumann, 2013) In any case, it ought to be noticed that the military’s dedication lies with the system as opposed to the agreement of everyone, the law based framework set up, or the state as an idea. There are special cases anyway, for example, Turkey (where the armed forces are the gatekeepers of the republic) and obviously Israel. The program of most Arab governments in the course of the most recent couple of decades has been to cut this force the military has. In some Middle Eastern nations nonetheless, the military is at the focal point of the social request and the legislative philosophy; for instance, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps principle point is to help radical Islamic guideline and this is primarily because of Islamic custom. (Bazargan, 1997) During the 1950s, the extreme military officials who tried to pick up power consistently had their perspectives attached to secularist convictions. In addition, the military had more impact from outside thoughts and faculty than some other foundation in Middle Eastern culture. (Bazargan, 1997) Perhaps the dedication of the military is simply down to a logical and enthusiastic disposition which debilitated conventional the Islamic commitment. Indeed, even Israel’s armed force was generally commanded by secularists. Judaism may now like never before be turning into a significant factor in the Israeli Army however they are still very low in the higher positioning positions. (Cohen, 19

A Day in the Life of Ancient Rome Essay - 275 Words

A Day in the Life of Ancient Rome (Essay Sample) Content: Insert nameLecturers nameCourse Date IntroductionA day in the life of an ancient Rom by Alberto is a marvelous book with a lot of details about the lives of ancient Romans. The book explains in detail every aspect of the daily life and activities of religion, architecture, family life and fashion. Moreover, the book also talks about the slavery and prostitution among the Romans community. The book also speaks about the various sporting activities in the community. The writer of the book made the book interesting to read by making it more colorful through architecture and simple language used in writing the book.The book is categorized according to what Romans people do particularly during the day hours. In the book, Angela imagines that he is walking the streets of Rome in 115AD, in the reign of Emperor Trajan. The author gives the readers a different perspective on the lifes of the Rom people from dawn to dust (Merivale). The author explains the lives of all classe s of people in the community. The author describes the lives of the rich Romans as well as the lives of the poor Romans. Moreover, the author also explains to us the role of almost all people in the community.The book Ancient Rome also speaks more of the political situation of Romans people as well as their economic condition. The author explains various types of leadership style that the leaders of the land employed. For instance, the author explains more on the achievements as well as the failures of Emperor Trajan during his error.The people and leadership of Rom community also had some tough times in their history according to the author of ancient Rome. The author explains that the administration of the state had to fight various wars in order to extend their territories. The existence of Roman emperor is through a tough war that the leaders of the community fought to install. The author explains that, during the reign of Emperor Trajan many people lost their lives as well as t heir properties.Civilization of the Romans peopleAround the city of Rome, Civilization dominated much of the Europe for nearly over 1000 years. The most things that lead to more culture in the city is work of arts. The works of arts have the history in Rome that it is mostly employed by the wealthy and influential members of the community to memorize their heritage, as well as deeds.The author explains civilizations of the Rom community in many angles. The author says the culture in the city of Rom emerged as a result of open trade with other countries. Angela explains that the transaction between the Rom people with other communities enabled them to exchange ideas therefore boosting their civilization. Moreover, the civilization of the Rom community is also through the education system. The author explains various institutions of higher learning in the country enabled individuals from various parts of the world to come together thus sharing the different perspective of life. Despit e the fact that Romans are deeply rooted in their culture and tradition, they are also ready to welcome other ideas from a non-Roman individual. Therefore, sharing ideas in the business world and through education institutions played a significant role in the civilization of the Rom community.Daily activities of the Roman peopleAccording to the author of the book Ancient Rom, the typical Roman starts his day with a light breakfast then one goes off to the job. Their work ends early in the afternoon and will now engage in various social activities. After that, they will have their dinner around 3pm and their cycle of daily operation will continue in that manner for the majority of Romans.Fashion and dressing of the Roman peopleThe Rom people have a kind of cloth that they call Toga. The kind of material has different meanings as well as identification in the community. Toga is a long kind of robe made of various types of materials. According Angela, the wealthy people in the society of Rom wore white Togas that is made of linen or wool. However, some colors in the togas are reserved for certain people who have different ranks or positions in the community. For instance, the senators and consuls in Rom always put on Togas that have some yellow markings. However, they also have a black Toga that is mostly worn during the time of mourning. Most of the Romans considered the black Togas not comfortable and only suitable for burial times. The author also expounds on the development of the Togas, for he says that it has current styles and people now wore tunic togas with that has a cloak in cold times. However, the author explains that tunics are more like long shirts and are used by the wealthy around their house. Moreover, they wear them under their togas on the other hand; the tunic is as any usual cloth to the less privileged in the community.Lives of the Roman peopleAccording to the author of the ancient Roman book, he says that two Romans living in the same cit y could be having very different lives. The author explains that there are poor and rich Romans that can be within the same city but with different lifestyles. The author points out that the lifes of the rich is good for they stay in beautiful houses always in on the hill outside Rome. Moreover, t...

The Transformation of Shakespeares Macbeth Essay - 911 Words

The Transformation of Macbeth From the beginning of the play, Macbeth undergoes a complete change in character--from a virtuous nobleman into a monster. He has a tragic weakness--ambition--which, when released, draws him into a web of evil and corruption that finally leaves him with none of the noble human qualities he possessed at the beginning of the play. Before being transformed into a murderous monster, Macbeth is a model Scottish noble. He shows great loyalty and devotion to both King Duncan and his country in his fight against the Scottish rebels. He also fights with great courage, which he draws from knowing that he serves a good and virtuous cause. He is modest when confronted with his achievements, in†¦show more content†¦From here, it is easy for him to continue sinking deeper into evil by later having Lady Macbeth and her son killed. Shortly after the murder of Banquo, the dead noble appears at Macbeths feast. The terror of seeing Banquos ghost makes Macbeth more paranoid and insecure than ever, which leads him to seek answers from the three Witches. After watching the apparitions and learning that no woman-born man can harm him, he repeats his earlier mistake of believing the prophecy. When Malcolm and Macduff lead an army into Scotland, Macbeth believes he is invulnerable and has no reason to fear them. This mistak en belief in his invulnerability leads to his final destruction when he is confronted by Macduff. He scoffs at Macduffs vow to kill him, thinking such an attempt is futile, so he is completely unprepared to hear his nemesis declare Macduff was from his mothers womb untimely ripped,--and to die at Macduffs hand. Once he has decided to illegitimately pursue the crown of Scotland, Macbeth remains evil and unprincipled until his death. His thoughts and actions are dominated by greed and ambition. Once he has ascended to the crown, another facet of his evil--ruthlessness--is displayed. Driven by a dangerous persecution complex and by pressure from Lady Macbeth, he orders the assassination of Banquo and Fleance and of Lady Macduff and her son. TheShow MoreRelated Shakespeares Macbeth - The Transformation of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth2861 Words   |  12 PagesThe Transformation of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth      Ã‚   In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, the characters  Macbeth and Lady Macbeth decide, in a great fit of ambition, to kill King Duncan.   Later in the play we see the same two characters undergo a transformation in their personalities after murdering the King.   Macbeth begins the play as a noble soldier and gradually changes into an ambitious and murdering tyrant.   Lady Macbeth begins as a strong, ambitious woman who dominates her husbandRead More The Transformation of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesThe Transformation of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth, once a noble and courageous warrior is transformed into an egotistical and ruthless tyrant. 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In the scenes which lead up to the murder of Duncan, ShakespeareRead MoreLady Macbeths Transformation into a Guilt Ridden Woman in Shakespeares Macbeth671 Words   |  3 PagesFrom murder to greed Macbeth portrays a story of how a human’s flaws can be elevated to a point where they are no longer flaws but a person’s way of thinking and acting. A lot of the characters evolve from doing what they think is right to doing what their heart desires. Throughout the play, Lady Macbeth changes from an evil mastermind to a guilt ridden woman because Shakespeare shows how a person’s actions affect their personality by having selfish desires turn into a person only driven by powerRead MoreThe Supernatural Evil Within Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Macbeth1561 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific genders. 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His particular use of blood imagery is highly prevalent in Macbeth, a play set during the tumultuous 11th century – a century filled with unrest and uneasiness (as seen in the unification of Scotland, and the famous Norman conquest of Britain in 1066). Shakespeare’s use of blood follows a circular motion; it begins as a representation of honour, and progresses into one of guilt, then evil and finallyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Richard IIi906 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences. F or example, Richard III, also known as The Tragedy of King Richard the Third and The Tragedy of Macbeth exemplify two kings that are willing to do anything to achieve ultimate power, the crown. It is Richard and Macbeth’s ambition that drives them to commit the murderous acts within the plays. Though different figures, each share a common goal and a similar defect. Both Macbeth and Richard suffer from deformity; Richard’s physical deformity and Macbeth’s psychological deformity becomeRead More Why Macbeth becomes Ruthless in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a tragedy of a Scottish general who dramatically â€Å"transforms† from being a noble and dutiful soldier to a ruthless butcher. This is a direct consequence of the supernatural world, his wife’s manipulation and persuasion, and Macbeth’s own ambition. One of the main factors that influenced Macbeth’s transformation was the impact the witches and the super natural world had on him. It is an important theme as in Shakespeare’s day, the audience strongly believed in the existence of witches

Written Report - 1983 Words

A REPORT ON WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SKILLS OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE STUDENTS Prepared by: Ang Kar Yong Updated on: 3rd March 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Ms. Sylvia, for the valuable advice and support she has given me in the writing of this report. I would also like to thank her for her encouragement and guidance. ABSTRACT This study was to investigate which aspects of written communication should take priority, and to provide the appropriate recommendations to improve on National University of Singapore (NUS) students’ written communication skills. It was requested by NUS on 8th February 2013. The investigation was done by Eka Training Group, supported by Centre for English Language†¦show more content†¦Listening skills Written communication skills Intercultural skills Oral communication skills Interpersonal skills What do you see as the most common barriers to effective communication in your workplace? 49 89 100 105 73 Figure 1. Common barriers to effective communication 2 The major finding of the investigation was that a majority of the respondents believe that email writing skills are very important in their job. Referring to Figure 2. 96.7% of all the respondents perceive email writing to be important or very important; 88.2% of all respondents perceive report writing to be important or very important; and 80.2% of all respondents perceive proposal writing to be important or very important. Not at all Somewhat important Important Very important N/A How important is each of the following skills in your job? 150.0 112.5 75.0 37.5 0 Email Letter Report Proposal Figure 2. Types of writing skills and its importance 3 In addition, many of the respondents state that they commonly and frequently write emails in response to enquiries/requests, information sharing with their colleagues/staffs and to request for information. 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This report will consider the early retirement plan of Tim and how it will affects its’s pension expectations so as to devise suitable investment strategy for him. Besides these it will also discuss how Tim’s early retirement will affect Ellie’s financial plan. Finally, it will also provide recommendations to ensure the financial security of the family. 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All Behaviour Is Learnt free essay sample

It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. It is influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics. -wikipedia. org It can be defined more precisely as an internally directed system of adaptive activities that facilitate survival and reproduction. Any behavior we can observe by watching an animal is overt behavior. In humans, behavior is controlled primarily by the endocrine system and the nervous system. Generally, complex nervous systems exhibit a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus more adjustment in behavior. In general, overt behavior may be classified as innate or learnt. Many people use the term instinctive behavior as a synonym for innate behavior. Although both termss refer to natural, inborn patterns of behavior. Another category of behaviour which was later on added is complex behaviour which is a blend of innate and learned components. Innate behaviour Innate behaviour is defined as a relatively complex response pattern which is usually present in both sexes of a given species. These responses are said to have a genetic basis and are essentially unlearned and adaptive. eg. Aggression Learnt behaviour If organisms only had innate behaviour then all the organisms of same species would have had identical behaviour. But that is not the case, is it? This led to the new category of behaviour known as learnt behaviour. A learned behavior is some type of action or reflex that we learn after deciding to learn. We learn it because we find it beneficial to us. We can learn these behaviors by watching others do them, such as riding a bike or learning to write. But we can not learn an innate behaviour like crying. Learned behaviour can also be conditioned. Complex behaviour Most overt behavior is neither 100% innate nor 100% learned. Sometimes innate behaviors may be modified (or modulated) through practice and experience. In locusts, for example, the ability to fly is innate, but an older, experienced individual consumes less energy (per unit time) than a novice flier. This suggests that the older insect has learned to fly more efficiently. Similarly, learned behaviors may incorporate or depend upon elements of innate behavior. Indeed, the ability to learn, to associate, or to remember is almost certainly an innate feature of the insects nervous system. Schematically, it may be useful to think of a box that represents the boundaries of an animals ethogram. All behavior must occur inside the physiological limits of this box (e. g. a beetle larva does not have wings, therefore it cannot fly). Within the box, a set of innate behaviors can be simplistically represented by straight lines. By following a zigzag route, an insect can use only innate behavior to get from point A to point B. But a learned behavior, superimposed on this innate grid, might provide a shortcut that is more useful or more efficient. As in the locust example above, the innate ability to fly may be refined and improved through experience. cals. ncsu. edu Whether our behaviour, actions and conduct are determined by nature, the genes given to us by our parents or by nurture, the factors of the environment upon us after birth and through childhood is a debate that has fascinated psychologists throughout history. Starting with Galtons study of Darwins book on evolution and carrying on with other famous Psychologists such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner, this is an area of s tudy that is both popular and important. There has been no definitive correct answer to the debate of nature versus nurture and so there are still differing views. Some views have differed in the extreme. For example Galton (1883) suggested nature prevails enormously over nurture yet Eysenck (2003) reports John Locke arguing They (Babies) are born with a mind that is like a blank slate (tabula rasa) and experience records itself in such a way that each individual becomes a unique being. We inherit nothing and all behaviour is acquired as a consequence of experience. John Broadus Watson, an American psychologist also quoted Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. It is a very difficult question to answer because it is almost impossible to ascertain whether someones actions are due to genes or environment. One method used to try and determine whether genes are the most important factor are with identical twin studies. If two monozygotic twins have the same characteristics as each other then it suggests that genes are causing this effect. There are however flaws with this reasoning as twins generally experience the same environment e. g. parents, friends, school etc so it could be argued that the similarities are down to this. A perfect study would be identical twins separated at birth who have experienced completely different environments. Unfortunately this case study is hard to come by and so no real proof can be gained from this. A correleational study was conducted by Pavlov, a staunch behaviourist who believed that responses can be conditioned. Pavlov gave an example of behaviour being learnt in his study on dogs. In his digestive research on dogs, Pavlov and his assistants would introduce a variety of edible and non-edible items and measure the saliva production that the items produced. Salivation, he noted, is a reflexive process. It occurs automatically in response to a specific stimulus and is not under conscious control. However, Pavlov noted an interesting occurrence – his canine subjects would begin to salivate whenever an assistant entered the room even in the absence of food and smell. He quickly realized that this salivary response was not due to an automatic, physiological process. Based on his observations, Pavlov suggested that the salivation was a learned response. The dogs were responding to the sight of the research assistants white lab coats, which the animals had come to associate with the presentation of food. Unlike the salivary response to the presentation of food, which is an unconditioned reflex, salivating to the expectation of food is a conditioned reflex. Pavlov then focused on investigating exactly how these conditioned responses are learned or acquired. In a series of experiments, Pavlov set out to provoke a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus. He opted to use food as the unconditioned stimulus, or the stimulus that evokes a response naturally and automatically. The sound of a metronome was chosen to be the neutral stimulus. The dogs would first be exposed to the sound of the ticking metronome, and then the food was immediately presented. After several conditioning trials, Pavlov noted that the dogs began to salivate after hearing the metronome. A stimulus which was neutral in and of itself had been superimposed upon the action of the inborn alimentary reflex, Pavlov wrote of the results. We observed that, after several repetitions of the combined stimulation, the sounds of the metronome had acquired the property of stimulating salivary secretion. In other words, the previously neutral stimulus (the metronome) had become what is known as a conditioned stimulus that then provoked a conditioned response (salivation). When you look at nature, different species are born in different stages of their readiness to tackle this pla net. Mountain goats, once born, take a couple of minutes to get their balance, and the next thing you know, they are skipping around happily! Fish can swim immediately as well. So, depending on the species, the â€Å"apprenticeship† has a different time frame. Now, the longest of all these apprenticeships is served by the human being! When we are born, the only thing we are equipped to do is scream, eat and soil ourselves. What does this mean? The human being has to learn about one of the most complex social structures on the planet, has to master language and the very complicated task of walking, and then comes school and all the other good stuff. However, at the very beginning, we are basically blank sleights, waiting to be imprinted with all the necessary information we need to survive in todays environment. Another distinguishing feature to our species is the life long learning process we are engaged in. Basically, we never stop learning, even though the learning curve is steepest at the beginning. The fact that we are blank sleights also means that we learn all our bad habits, annoying behaviors, and our psychological illnesses (given, some people are born with birth defects). To me, this means that things like depression, ADHD, etc are learnt behaviors! Show me a depressed baby†¦. The good new is that if all this stuff is learnt, we can also unlearn it and teach ourselves better things. We can teach our brain and mind to do exactly what we want them to. This of course not only involves a conscious effort, but also unconscious involvement, as all behaviors, learnings and changes are unconscious (soon, more on that). So, maybe we just have to rediscover the child within to truly set us free to be however we want to be†¦

Self Assessment of Leaders free essay sample

Human Behavior is critical to organizations – discuss the benefits of self evaluation/self assessment as it related to leaders today. Without a complete set of knowledge understanding human behavior will be a great challenge to well conduct an organization. Organizations are composed of individuals with different traits, values, motives and perceptions. This situation makes understanding Human Behavior in the management of organization as a full activity of leaders in their day to day self assessment. Thus, it is very fundamental to implement set of tools to understand human behavior as the existence of organization depends on its employees. Previous theories of organization and management considered individuals as they have the same aspirations but modern theories of human behavior are based upon the differences among employees and how those differences can affect the organization. Leaders today set self assessment tools to find out why some employees are motivated to works which means a better predisposition to well perform the job in order to achieve objectives, goal and vision and others employees not motivated at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Assessment of Leaders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, leaders face some concerns and challenges which they can never cope without implementing a set of self assessment skills. Self evaluation develops and support leader’s ability to serve effectively. Another theory based on Leadership steps assessment (LSA) set six concepts as tool of self assessment. These six principles of effective leadership constitute of a clear set of personal values, vision of future, assessment of others in term of their potential capabilities, organizing work environment in order to perform efficiently, relentless of leader and measuring and celebrating progress provide leader with a clear signals on where they are weak and how to correct these weaknesses. The Myers – Briggs Type Indicator provides also more insight for leader self assessment where many benefits could be gained in Team Forming Strategy. How Introverts or Extroverts style of leadership had to set efficient team according to their personality when dealing with a problem solving case. Knowing the Type of personnel as tool of self assessment for leader is very important because by determining what characteristics will make for effective job performance, it can aid in personnel selections by increasing understanding of how personality and job characteristics interact it can result in better hiring, promotion decision and by providing insights into personality development it can help to anticipate, recognize and prevent to operate costly defenses by organizational members. Robert (2005) believes that Entering the fundamental state of leadership’’ described under four steps of self evaluation/self assessment could help to become more effective leader by releasing positive emotions when he recalled a faced great challenges compared to new possibilities for the current situation, analyzing your current state and by questioning oneself these questions: Am I results centered? Am I Internally directed? Am I other focused? Am I externally open? â€Å"The way you lead when crisis forces you to tap into your deepest values and instincts. In this state, your instinctively know what to do: you rise to the occasion and perform at your best†. Leader self assessment will help to know areas of competency that a leader can use for success and enable them to decide which areas to develop, to minimize impact of weaknesses, understand how your actions and focus creates an environment which enables people to perform at their best and enable to focus on the areas which are critical to the development of a high performance work environment. Identify respondents and ask for feedback 2- Recognize patterns 3- Compose your self-portrait 4- And redesign your job Conclusions: Benefits of self evaluation/ self assessment as it related to leaders today are fundamentals for reaching the state of effective leader and efficient management. When you know yourself and you know individual managing with you, you gain time and your react adequately when changes occur. You form and managing easily your winning team. Q2.  Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive – discuss how you can personally reduce prejudice in your workplace – please provide an example.

20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings 20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings 20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings By Mark Nichol In past weeks, I’ve compiled lists of figurative meanings of the names of sense organs, parts of the head, and parts of the hand. Here’s a roster in which I’ve accumulated such references for other parts and elements of the body. 1. Arm: something resembling an arm in form and/or function, a part of a garment covering the arm, might or power or ability, a component or division, or support 2. Blood: refers to kinship or lineage, or to a quality intrinsic to someone because it’s supposedly a hereditary trait, or to bloodshed; as a verb, refers to providing a hound with a scented object to prompt a hunt, or to introducing to bloodshed or killing 3. Bone: the core, essence, or heart of something, or the design or framework of a composition, or a subject (usually in the idiom â€Å"bone of contention†) or an inclination or talent or, more often, the lack thereof (â€Å"I don’t have an artistic bone in my body†), or something intended to placate (â€Å"Throw him a bone†) 4. Breast: the location of emotion, something resembling a breast, or part of a garment that covers the literal breast (the sometimes-synonym chest first referred to a box and then was applied, by association, to the section of the body) 5. Foot: something resembling a foot in form and/or function, a lower or opposite end or edge or the bottom of something, a standard length, a unit of meter in verse, or a step or speed 6. Heart: courage or fortitude or persistence, affection or compassion or feelings, the center or essential or vital part of something, or a stylized representation of the organ, or one or more playing cards featuring such a symbol or a card game focusing on this suit 7. Hip: an angle of an intersection of parts of a roof 8. Intestine: the phrase â€Å"intestinal fortitude,† describing courage, derives from the association of the intestines with bravery (compare the informal synonym guts) 9. Leg: a limblike component, the part of an article of clothing or footwear that covers the leg, part of a journey or race, or one competition among several similar events, or long-term appeal or interest 10. Liver: a grayish and reddish brown, and seen in the expression â€Å"lily livered,† meaning â€Å"cowardly† 11. Lungs: a respiratory aid or device, or a variation of the literal meaning referring to someone’s capacity for producing loud sounds 12. Muscle: physical force, especially for intimidation or persuasion; as a verb, to infiltrate (often in the phrase â€Å"muscle in†) 13. Neck: a geographical or structural feature resembling a neck, or a narrow margin (as in the finish of a race), or, informally, a part or region; as a verb, to narrow, or to caress and kiss passionately 14. Shoulder: the side of an artificial or natural structure, as the shoulder of a road or of a mountain; as a verb, to push aside, or to bear, as with responsibility 15. Stomach: courage or fortitude, or desire or inclination, or appetite; in verb form, to put up with or withstand 16. Torso: an artistic representation of the human trunk, or something incomplete or damaged 17. Vein: a channel of water or a bed of mineral in rock or ice, or a quality or style, or an aptitude or mood 18: Viscera: in the adjectival form, visceral, corresponds to the adjective gut (for example, â€Å"gut feeling†), meaning â€Å"instinctive† (as in â€Å"She had a visceral sense that she was in danger†); alternatively, it means â€Å"earthy† (â€Å"The movie has a visceral tone, with its coarse characters and rough action†) 19. Waist: something resembling a waist in form and/or function (as part of an aircraft or marine vessel), an article (or part of an article) of clothing worn on or around the waist, or a line around the waist or a measurement of the line 20. Womb: a space resembling a womb in form and/or function, or the literal or figurative birthplace of an idea, product, or other physical or intellectual creation Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsParataxis and Hypotaxis

International Macro Post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Macro Post - Essay Example It highlights how the aftermath has made GDP growth rates tumbled while the inflows of foreign unswerving investments have dried out. The article also explores the failures of the government for decades during the dictatorial regime. The country has to establish conventional macroeconomics to guide in managing economic growth and economic development instead focusing on GDP and neglecting other economic concerns such as inflation, unemployment and externalities. In their final submission, the article highlights possibility of hope for the’ New country’. Despite the challenges that the country has gone through in the last three decades leading to massive capital flight. The article underscores the need to review the economy while at the same time impose sound economic policies i.e. monetary and fiscal policies that would reclaim the country’s lost balance of payment (BOP) and country’s currency reserves. They retaliate the fact that Egypt as a country still can create a favorable environment for economic growth and entrepreneurial change. One key issue that the article explores according to my understanding is the link between civil war or the revolutions and their impact on macroeconomic policies and objectives such as economic growth of the country. It is essential to analyze the impact through domestic investment. The capital stock of any given country epitomize its accumulated stock of machineries, firms that are there in the country at any point in time, and this are what adds to productive power in the economy. If capital stock rises so will economic growth at its all-time high. According to neo-classical economists capital stock, originates from investment and depreciation. Egyptian revolution affected capital stock in two ways. First it reduced the existing stock of capital since during the period of revolution roads, ports and factories were destroyed. Secondly, the level of capital stock is affected by investment that must

Effects Of Brand Awareness And Website Quality On UK Consumers Essay

Effects Of Brand Awareness And Website Quality On UK Consumers Perceived Risk And Purchase Intention 03095 - Essay Example The effect of brand awareness is found more in the economy of UK since the online retail sales will increase by 14.7% to 38.3 billion pound in the year 2014. The purchase intention of the consumer has increased with the development of websites and which is likely to increase by 82% from 2014 to 2019 (Perreault and MaCarthy, 2003). The use of online shopping among the customers of UK can be observed by the statistics that is conducted which reveals that 95% of the respondents have preferred online shoping.The change in the technology is related to the purchase intention through online and that is influenced by the online trust. The main aim of conducting the study is identifying the importance of the brand awareness in determining the availability and the accessibility of the product and services that the company is offering to its consumers which indicates that the company which has successful brand awareness of its products in the market generally has the high demand and craze for its products among the customers in the market. The research question that is identified by us for discussing on the topic is does brand loyalty, brand awareness and the improvement in the website design influences the purchase intention or purchase decision of the customers and also the perceived risk on building and its affect and relationship with the online purchase intention. Authors like Etzel, Walker, and Stanton, (2004) stated that the increase in the brand awareness will result in the increase in the frequency of buying and if the customer is satisfied from the particular product then the consumer will pass on the information about the particular product to others which will increase the popularity of the brand and as a result will enhance the brand loyalty of the consumers which is considered or regarded as an important factor or element in increasing the sale of the product and

IVe Seen the Promise Land Essay Example for Free

IVe Seen the Promise Land Essay Through understanding of his speeches and similar past leaders such as Moses and Jesus, it is clear how Dr. King established himself as the leader of the civil rights movement and his vision and strength led many to a better life filled with the freedoms that they had yearned for. The opening of this speech is inspirational yet it is also somewhat unexpected when put in the context of his other more famous works. When asked by God what age he would like to live in, he describes some of the most famous and wondrous places of all time, such as Ancient Greece or the Renaissance. Then, with a powerful swoop in his voice, he says: Strangely enough, I would turn to the Almighty, and say, ‘If you allow me to live just a few years in the second half of the 20th century, I will be happy. ’ Now thats a strange statement to make, because the world is all messed up. The nation is sick. Trouble is in the land; confusion all around. Thats a strange statement. But I know, somehow, that only when it is dark enough can you see the stars. Martin Luther King Jr. knew that the time had come to finally address the issues that had been conflicted within him as well as countless others. He states, â€Å"But now, no longer can they just talk about it. It is no longer a choice between violence and nonviolence in this world; its nonviolence or nonexistence. † He continued his speech by delivering messages from Jesus and various biblical passages to show why it is so important that they continued to be pushed forth and not remain idle. Even after their protest in Memphis they needed to keep marching forward, literally and figuratively. This speech was not only inspiring for the civil rights movements, but can also be used as an inspiration and a guideline to overcome any injustice that can be inflicted onto someone. Dr. King believed that when men and women had the mission of doing God’s will and standing up for what is right, that this would allow them to no longer fear death. Once you have conquered those who had at one point unjustly conquered you, then you are free. In addition to all the things Dr. King believed were needed to reach the â€Å"Promised Land†, the most important thing, though not directly stated by King, was the presence of an innate and inspirational leader who has a clear vision and the ability to express and correctly assert that vision onto those who want to quell injustice, along with the courage to fight against it himself. When you look at the difference between successful and also failed campaigns against injustice, the one thing that is always remembered is that in successful ones there was a leader who rallied his people. Moses was determined to lead the slaves out of Egypt and accomplished it by uniting them with his cause. Another example is Abraham Lincoln when he organized those around him and passed the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. King Jr. embodied everything that Moses and Abraham Lincoln did for their people, and then some. Without him, the civil rights movement very well could have died down and the world would not be where it is at today. With this in mind, there are 3 key moments in Dr. King’s life that made him into the visionary who took on all the arduous tasks that were placed before him. First is the time he spent in Birmingham Jail and the letter he wrote. â€Å"Human progress†¦it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be coworkers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. This showed that he was willing to fight alongside his people and endure anything that they did, and that he would go to the greatest of lengths to make his point. The second and his most famous speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, delivered on August 28, 1963, not only sparked a fire under those who had already been involved, but additionally enlisted those who may not have had previously agreed with his beliefs or thought that change was not possible. It also gained global media attention and exposed his brilliance, showing what he truly envisioned for the future of his country. The third and final moment was his death the day after delivering his speech â€Å"I See the Promised Land†. His martyrdom was a symbol to all that things needed to, and were going to, change. From that very speech given in Memphis, he preached: Well, I dont know what will happen now. Weve got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesnt matter with me now, because Ive been to the mountaintop. And I dont mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And Hes allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land! In his speech â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop†, King delved into the current status of the civil rights movement and how he saw that the future was bright, as long as people continued to persevere in the face of adversity, and did not allow the opposition to deter them. He believed that they had come too far to let it slip away, and even without him as their leader he knows they can accomplish it. As with all other successful movements, a leader who is extremely persuasive, motivational, and is willing to do anything for what he believes in is key. For Dr. King, there were three crucial moments in his life that shaped him to become such, and they are: his prison time and letter from Birmingham Jail, his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, and his martyrdom. These not only made him the face and leader of the civil rights movement, but arguably the greatest and most influential leader in history. Bibliography King, Martin Luther Jr. â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop. Speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968. American Rhetoric. http://www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm King, Martin Luther Jr. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail. † (letter, Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963. African Studies Center-University of Pennsylvania, http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html [ 1 ]. Martin Luther King Jr. ,  "I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† (speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968), American Rhetoric, http://www. mericanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm [ 2 ]. King Jr. , â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† (April 3, 1968) [ 3 ]. Martin Luther King Jr. , â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† (letter, Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963), African Studies Center-University of Pennsylvania, http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html [ 4 ]. Martin Luther King Jr. , â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† (speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968), American Rhetoric, http://www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm

Alienation in All Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

Alienation in All Quiet on the Western Front      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Webster's New World College Dictionary, alienation is 1. Separation, aversion, aberration.   2.   Estrangement or detachment.   3.   Mental derangement; insanity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of All Quiet on the Western Front is about how World War I destroyed a generation of young men. It has taken from them the last of their childhood years, it has destroyed their faith in their elders, it has taught them an individual life is meaningless--and all it has given in return is the ability to appreciate basic physical pleasures. According to Paul, though, the men haven't entirely lost human sensitivity: they're not as callous as they appeared in Chapter 1, wolfing down their dead companions' rations. It's just that they must pretend to forget the dead; otherwise they would go mad.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Remarque includes discussions among Paul's group, and Paul's own thoughts while he observes Russian prisoners of war (Chapters 3, 8, 9) to show that no ordinary people benefit from a war. No matter what side a man is on, he is killing other men just like himself, people with whom he might even be friends at another time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But Remarque doesn't just tell us war is horrible. He also shows us that war is terrible beyond anything we could imagine. All our senses are assaulted: we see newly dead soldiers and long-dead corpses tossed up together in a cemetery (Chapter 4); we hear the unearthly screaming of the wounded horses (Chapter 4); we see and smell three layers of bodies, swelling up and belching gases, dumped into a huge shell hole (Chapter 6); and we can almost touch the naked bodies hanging in trees and the limbs lying around the battlefield (Chapter 9).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The crying of the horses is especially terrible. Horses have nothing to do with making war. Their bodies gleam beautifully as they parade along--until the shells strike them. To Paul, their dying cries represent all of nature accusing Man, the great destroyer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In later chapters Paul no longer mentions nature as an accuser but seems to suggest that nature is simply there--rolling steadily on through the seasons, paying no attention to the desperate cruelties of men to each other. This, too, shows the horror of war, that it is completely unnatural

Organizational Behaviour Essay

Part A consists of three questions. Be sure to include both the questions and the responses in the document you submit. Your total combined responses for these three questions should not exceed 1000 to 1500 words. 1. Marketing specialists at Napanee Beer Co. developed a new advertising campaign for summer sales. The ads were particularly aimed at sports events where Napanee Beer sold kegs of beer on tap. The marketing group worked for months with a top advertising firm on the campaign. Their effort was successful in terms of significantly higher demand for Napanee Beer’s keg beer at sports stadiums. However, the production department had not been notified of the marketing campaign and was not prepared for the increased demand. The company was forced to buy empty kegs at a premium price. It also had to brew some of the lower priced keg beer in vats that would have been used for higher priced specialty beer. The result was that Napanee Beer sold more of the lower priced keg beer and less of the higher priced products that summer. Moreover, the company could not initially fill consumer demand for the keg beer, resulting in customer dissatisfaction. Use open systems theory to explain what occurred at Napanee Beer Co. Begin with a brief description of open systems theory. Use your own words (paraphrase) and remember to cite all sources using APA style. The open systems theory states that organizations are entities that continually exchange resources with its external environment. The organization is dependent on the external environment for resources such as raw materials, employees, financial resources, and information and equipment which are the organizations inputs. Those inputs are used by the organizations internal subsystems, such as production and marketing, and are subsequently turned into outputs such as products, services, employee behaviours, profits/ losses, and waste/ pollution (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 4). According to the open systems theory (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 4), the organization Napanee Beer Company’s internal subsystems were not operating efficiently. Due to the lack of communication between the marketing group and the production team, production was unaware of the increase in demand for the product and did not order enough inputs to meet this larger demand. Consequently, the materials used were much more expensive than they would have been had they been ordered earlier. This oversight cost the company sales on higher priced specialty beer and caused customer dissatisfaction. Had the production team been aware of the success of the marketing campaign, which was geared towards sporting events where Napanee Beer sold kegs of beer on tap, they would have been able to order the appropriate amount of kegs, saving the company a lot of money. This is not an issue between the external and internal environment but an issue with Napanee’s internal subsystems effectiveness (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 4.). The lack of communication between departments weakened the company’s ability to maximize its input to output capability; therefore, the company was not functioning at a high level of efficiency (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 5.). 2. The sales office of a large industrial products wholesale company has an increasing problem: salespeople are arriving late at the office each morning. Some sales reps go directly to visit clients rather than showing up at the office as required by company policy. Others arrive several minutes after their appointed start time. The vice-president of sales doesn’t want to introduce time clocks, but this may be necessary if the lateness problem isn’t corrected. Using the MARS model of individual behaviour, diagnose the possible reasons salespeople may be engaging in this â€Å"lateness† behaviour. Begin with a brief description of the MARS model. Use your own words (paraphrase) and remember to cite all sources using APA style. The MARS model represents the four factors that influence people’s behaviour and performance. These factors are motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 26). Motivation is what drives a person in a particular direction and the passion and persistence in which they pursue something (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 26). The ability of an employee refers to their natural aptitudes as well as their acquired capabilities (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 27). An employee’s competencies refer to his or her skills, knowledge and other characteristics that may be beneficial to the organization (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 27). Role perception is the third factor in the MARS model. This refers to how closely the employee’s perception of their job duties aligns with the employer’s (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 27). The final factor in the MARS model is situational factors. Situational factors involve conditions that are not part of the employee’s skill set or personality and are often out of their control (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 28). According to the MARS model of individual behaviour, the possible reasons salespeople may be engaging in this â€Å"lateness† behaviour is first the lack of motivation they are feeling to show up to the office at their scheduled start time (McShane & Steen, 2009, pp. 26-28). This could be due in part to the lack of incentive they receive for showing up on time. Furthermore, the absence of negative consequences for showing up late has not shown the sales reps that the company is serious about this policy. In order for the sales reps to be motivated to show up to the office in the morning instead of seeing clients first, there needs to be some kind of reinforcement from the company that demonstrates that showing up on time is a behaviour that they expect and value. The sales reps were most likely hired because of their ability to gain new customers and sell products; therefore, they see this aspect of their job as being priority and do not see the value in showing up at the office first. The biggest factor effecting this situation is role perception (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 27). The sales reps do not have a clear understanding that arriving at the office on time is an essential part of their job duties. It is clear from the sales reps behaviour that they are not aware of the importance of being at the office in the morning before they head out to see clients. While this may be a company policy in writing, it is not well practiced in the office, so it is perceived by employees as a recommendation rather than a rule. Situational factors may also contribute to the â€Å"lateness† problem (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 28). This could be because face time at the office does not support their task goals which are to go out and see clients and s ell products. The sales reps might find the commute to the office an inconvenience whereas they could instead cut that commute out of their day and drive straight to a client’s office. 3. Big Box Construction Company has received warnings from government safety inspectors that employees at some of its construction sites are not wearing the required safety helmets and noise-protection equipment. The company could lose these contracts if safety practices are not maintained. The company has warned employees that they could be fired if they don’t wear the safety gear, but this has had little effect. Describe an A-B-C analysis for this situation and provide two types of behaviour modification interventions that might change employee behaviour in this situation. In an A-B-C analysis of this situation the antecedent would be the warning the employees received from the company informing them that they must wear safety gear on the job site. The behaviour is that some of the employees are not wearing safety equipment on the construction sites. And the Consequences are that the employees face termination if they continue to disregard this policy (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 66). Two types of behaviour modification interventions that might change employee behaviour in this situation are: 1) Positive reinforcement, the supervisor can offer praise to the employees who are adhering to the safety guidelines (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 66). In addition, there could be a reward in place such as a bonus for employees who are wearing their safety equipment on the site every day. 2) Punishment, although punishment might generate negative feelings toward the company and supervisor, it is necessary because of the severity of the breach (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 67). The type of punishment will depend on the frequency of the offence. For example, the first offence could result in a write-up, the second offence in a suspension without pa y, and the third dismissal. Part B Read Case Study 4.1: Conestoga-Rovers and Associates on pages 97 and 98 of the textbook and answer the three discussion questions that follow it. Your answer for this case study should not exceed 600 to 800 words in length and should incorporate, where appropriate, content from Lessons 1, 2, 3, and 4. Questions 1) Why does Conestoga-Rovers and Associates and other companies try to create a positive work environment? The text explains that according to the dual cognitive-emotional attitude process, the positive emotional experiences employees encounter on a daily basis at Conestoga-Rovers contributes to their job satisfaction (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 80). When employees are satisfied with their job they are more likely to be accommodating to the organization’s clients, helpful to their co-workers, and can experience increased overall productivity (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 87). Therefore, it is beneficial for the company to foster a positive work environment where its employees are frequently feeling positive emotional experiences, so that their outlook on their jobs and the company will be much more favourable (McShane & Steen, 2009, p.80). According to the model of emotions, attitudes, and behaviour (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 79), our emotions will have a direct impact on our behavioural intentions which in turn will most likely affect our behaviour. If the employees at Conestoga-Rovers are bombarded with positive emotions in their work environment, than they are more likely to behave in a way that is agreeable to the company. Conestoga-Rovers acknowledges and appreciates its human capital and realizes that its employees knowledge provide a competitive advantage to the company (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 7). They realize that in order for the company to retain its valued employees and attract new ones they need to foster a positive work environment. By â€Å"adapting employment practices† to suit the needs of their employees the company is striving to retain its valued intellectual capital (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 6). 2) How does this company manage to provide events and perks that employees value? At Conestoga-Rovers and Associates having fun and maintaining a work-life balance are fundamental to the company and its employees. This is evident in the many perks this company offers its employees that vary from its extremely active social committee to the onsite daycare facility. As stated in the case study, an employee of Conestoga-Rovers suggested that the company build an onsite daycare facility, never really expecting that they would take her request so seriously. However, much to the employee’s delighted shock the company complied. This demonstrates the company’s dedication to its employees wants and needs. In addition the company has assembled a social committee to listen to what it is that employee’s value and have evidently been able to deliver to the Conestoga-Rovers employees what they want. By doing this for their employees the organization is building organizational commitment and loyalty to the company (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 89). By involving employees in company decisions that affect them and listening to their needs they are strengthening their employee’s social identity within the organization. This shows employees that their opinions are not only heard but are valued and trusted by the organization (McShane & Steen, 2009, p.89). The company has a â€Å"work hard-play hard mantra†, and their â€Å"social events and activities play an integral role in the company’s culture (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 97). This is evidently closely aligned with its employee’s values; therefore, the employee’s feel comfort in their shared values with the company prompting them to remain loyal to the company (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 89). 3) Is it possible that employees can have too much fun at work? From personal experience, I think that it is possible to have too much fun at work. When there are too many social events at work it takes away from an employee’s personal time and time at home with their family. An employee can feel forced to participate in social events that they do not want to partake in, and this can end up having a contrary effect to what the company is striving for. This added pressure to attend social events can add stress for the employee and take away from time needed to complete his/her work. Conversely, having fun at work can help build camaraderie amongst the employees and reduce the consequences of stress such as job burnout. Attending social functions can give employees a break from the monotonous routine of their job tasks; therefore, reducing the risk of emotional exhaustion and indifference towards their jobs (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 91). Fun events with co-workers can also help to build on an employee’s social awareness. For instance, when employees are interacting with each other and building personal relationships as well as professional relationships they are better equipped to â€Å"perceive and understand the emotions† of their co-workers (McShane & Steen, 2009, p. 84). Because they are getting to know their peers personal situations a little better, the interaction allows them to be able to experience some empathy for their co-workers.

Deontology Is An Ethical Theory - 900 Words

Throughout history, wars over the meaning of equality have been expressed in many ways for the purpose of establishing one standard to the meaning of equal. Equal is being treated with the same respect regardless of gender. The theory of deontology has defined and developed the meaning of equal within society. However, it has been a slow process. Miscommunication and misunderstanding to the meaning of gender equality is responsible for personal and social tyranny. Happiness, fairness, and dignity have risen from social roles, poverty, and health reform that defined the message to the question of what it means to be equal and unequal among men and women using the deontology theory as this essay will demonstrate. Deontology is an ethical theory that focus on the will of a person. It is a philosophy about how people ought to act. Deontology is non-consequentialism. People’s action should not play the role in evaluating the act of morality. â€Å"Duties and obligation† are the target to the will of a person. There are two important rules in deontology. The first rule is never treat people as a means to an end in achieving a goal because it is disrespectful. The second rule is act in the manner that maxim the action with the intent to developing into a universal law. Immanuel Kant is a philosopher of ethics. According to an article titled Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals Immanuel Kant (2008) reads, an action that is done from duty doesn’t get its moralShow MoreRelatedDeontology : A Sound Ethical Theory1312 Words   |  6 Pages Deontology: A Sound Ethical Theory The study of ethical theories has been proven to be somewhat of an acrmonious and challenging matter. Cultures and societies all over the world have different ideas on what should be considered morally right and what is morally wrong. 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